What is a Peptide?
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Typically, peptides contain 2-50 amino acids. Anything longer is considered a protein. Some key features of peptides:
- Size: As mentioned, peptides are short chains of amino acids, usually less than 50. This small size gives them unique properties compared to larger proteins.
- Function: Peptides have a wide range of functions in the human body. Some common examples include signaling between cells, regulating bodily processes, and activating immune responses. Certain peptides even have antimicrobial or anticancer properties.
- Structure: The sequence and number of amino acids in a peptide determine its 3D structure and function. The structure can be modified through processes like phosphorylation to change the activity.
- Production: Peptides occur naturally but can also be synthesized. Solid phase peptide synthesis is a common method, building the peptide chain from the C-terminus by adding one amino acid at a time.
- Absorption: Unlike proteins, peptides are small enough to be absorbed intact through the intestines into the bloodstream after oral ingestion. This makes them attractive as oral drug candidates.
Some examples of important peptides in humans include:
- Oxytocin: This 9 amino acid peptide acts as a hormone and neurotransmitter. It plays a role in social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and lactation.
- Glucagon: A 29 amino acid peptide hormone produced by the pancreas. It raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.
- Angiotensin II: An 8 amino acid peptide that causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion. This elevates blood pressure.
As this overview shows, peptides play crucial signaling and regulatory roles in the human body. Their small size gives them distinct advantages over larger protein therapeutics for oral delivery and absorption. This has made peptides an intensely studied area of pharmaceutical research for tackling various diseases. Exciting innovations in peptide drug development are on the horizon to better leverage these important biomolecules at Hormone Solutions.